Performance of Electro-Fenton Process for Phenol Degradation Using Nickel Foam as a Cathode
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2023.3.2Keywords:
Electro-Fenton; nickel foam; phenol; hydroxyl radical; response surface methodologyAbstract
Toxic substances have been released into water supplies in recent decades because of fast industrialization and population growth. Fenton electrochemical process has been addressed to treat wastewater which is very popular because of its high efficiency and straightforward design. One of the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) is electro-Fenton (EF) process, and electrode material significantly affects its performance. Nickel foam was chosen as the source of electro-generated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) due to its good characteristics. In the present study, the main goals were to explore the effects of operation parameters (FeSO4 concentration, current density, and electrolysis time) on the catalytic performance that was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). According to the results, nickel foam made an excellent choice as cathode material. The pH value was adjusted at 3 and the airflow at 10 L/h for all experiments. It was found that the optimal conditions were current density of 4.23 mA/cm2, Fe2+ dosage of 0.1 mM, and time of 5 h to obtain the removal rates of phenol and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 81.335% and 79.1%, respectively. The results indicated that time had the highest effect on the phenol and COD removal efficiencies, while the impact of current density was the lowest. The high R2 value of the model equation (98.03%) confirmed its suitability.
Received on 20/01/2023
Received in Revised Form on 06/03/2023
Accepted on 06/03/2023
Published on 30/09/2023
References
A. Babuponnusami and K. Muthukumar, “Degradation of Phenol in Aqueous Solution by Fenton, Sono-Fenton and Sono-photo-Fenton Methods,” Clean (Weinh), vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 142–147, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201000072
K. Mainali, “Phenolic Compounds Contaminants in Water: A Glance,” Current Trends in Civil & Structural Engineering, vol. 4, no. 4, 2020, https://doi.org/10.33552/ctcse.2020.04.000593
R. Sun, Y. Wang, Y. Ni, and S. Kokot, “Spectrophotometric analysis of phenols, which involves a hemin-graphene hybrid nanoparticle with peroxidase-like activity,” J Hazard Mater, vol. 266, pp. 60–67, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.12.006
A. S. Abbas, M. H. Hafiz, and R. H. Salman, “Indirect Electrochemical Oxidation of Phenol Using Rotating Cylinder Reactor”, IJCPE, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 43–55, 2016. https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2016.4.5
M. A. Oturan, “Electrochemical advanced oxidation technologies for removal of organic pollutants from water,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 21, no. 14. Springer Verlag, pp. 8333–8335, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2841-8
H. Adil Sabbar, “Adsorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solution using Paper Waste,” Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 23–29, 2019, https://doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2019.1.4
D. Gümüş and F. Akbal, “Comparison of Fenton and electro-Fenton processes for oxidation of phenol,” Process Safety and Environmental Protection, vol. 103, pp. 252–258, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2016.07.008
C. M. Santana, Z. S. Ferrera, M. E. T. Padrón, and J. J. S. Rodríguez, “Methodologies for the extraction of phenolic compounds from environmental samples: New approaches,” Molecules, vol. 14, no. 1. pp. 298–320, 2009. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14010298
O. Abdelwahab, N. K. Amin, and E. S. Z. El-Ashtoukhy, “Electrochemical removal of phenol from oil refinery wastewater,” J Hazard Mater, vol. 163, no. 2–3, pp. 711–716, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.016
E. Marlina, P. Purwanto. “Electro-Fenton for Industrial Wastewater Treatment: A Review,” E3S Web of Conferences, vol 125, no. 03003, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912503003
S. Yuan, M. Tian, Y. Cui, L. Lin, and X. Lu, “Treatment of nitrophenols by cathode reduction and electro-Fenton methods,” J Hazard Mater, vol. 137, no. 1, pp. 573–580, 2006, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.02.069
M. Á. Fernández De Dios, O. Iglesias, M. Pazos, and M. Á. Sanromán, “Application of electro-fenton technology to remediation of polluted effluents by self-sustaining process,” The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2014, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/801870
P. H. Chang, Y. H. Huang, C. L. Hsueh, M. C. Lu, and G. H. Huang, “Treatment of non-biodegradable wastewater by electro-Fenton method,” Water Science and Technology, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 213–218, 2004, https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0266
G. Busca, S. Berardinelli, C. Resini, and L. Arrighi, “Technologies for the removal of phenol from fluid streams: A short review of recent developments,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 160, no. 2–3. pp. 265–288, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.045
R. N. Abbas and A. S. Abbas, “Kinetics and Energetic Parameters Study of Phenol Removal from Aqueous Solution by Electro-Fenton Advanced Oxidation Using Modified Electrodes with PbO2 and Graphene,” Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 1–8, 2022, https://doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2022.2.1
M.A. Oturan, J.-J. Aaron, Advanced Oxidation Processes in Water/Wastewater Treatment: Principles and Applications. A Review, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 2014 2577–2641. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2013.829765
G. Pliego, J. A. Zazo, P. Garcia-Muñoz, M. Munoz, J. A. Casas, and J. J. Rodriguez, “Trends in the Intensification of the Fenton Process for Wastewater Treatment: An Overview,” Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 45, no. 24. Taylor and Francis Inc., pp. 2611–2692, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2015.1025646
S. Qiu, D. He, J. Ma, T. Liu, and T. D. Waite, “Kinetic Modeling of the Electro-Fenton Process: Quantification of Reactive Oxygen Species Generation,” Electrochim Acta, vol. 176, pp. 51–58, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.06.103
M. Umar, H. A. Aziz, and M. S. Yusoff, “Trends in the use of Fenton, electro-Fenton and photo-Fenton for the treatment of landfill leachate,” Waste Management, vol. 30, no. 11. pp. 2113–2121, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.07.003
Z. Qiang, J. H. Chang, and C. P. Huang, “Electrochemical generation of hydrogen peroxide from dissolved oxygen in acidic solutions,” Water Research, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00235-4
N. Oturan and M. A. Oturan, “Electro-fenton process: Background, new developments, and applications,” in Electrochemical Water and Wastewater Treatment, Elsevier, 2018, pp. 193–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813160-2.00008-0
N. Oturan, J. Bo, C. Trellu, and M. A. Oturan, “Comparative Performance of Ten Electrodes in Electro-Fenton Process for Removal of Organic Pollutants from Water,” ChemElectroChem, vol. 8, no. 17, pp. 3294–3303, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202100588
A. Babuponnusami and K. Muthukumar, “Advanced oxidation of phenol: A comparison between Fenton, electro-Fenton, sono-electro-Fenton and photo-electro-Fenton processes,” Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 183, pp. 1–9, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.12.010
H. Zhang, Y. Yang, D. Ren, L. Wang, and X. He, “Graphite as anode materials: Fundamental mechanism, recent progress and advances,” Energy Storage Materials, vol. 36. Elsevier B.V., pp. 147–170, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2020.12.027
A. Ghjair and A. Abbar, “Removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from hospital wastewater by electro fenton process using graphite–graphite electrochemical system,” Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 023–031, 2022, https://doi.org/10.30772/qjes.v15i1.809
E. Bocos, D. Pérez-Álvarez, M. Pazos, M. C. Rodríguez-Argüelles, and M. Á. Sanromán, “Coated nickel foam electrode for the implementation of continuous electro-Fenton treatment,” Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, vol. 91, no. 3, pp. 685–692, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.4626
R. H. Salman and A. H. Abbar "Optimization of a combined electrocoagulation-electro-oxidation process for the treatment of Al-Basra Majnoon Oil field wastewater: Adopting a new strategy", Chemical Engineering and Processing, vol.183, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2022.109227
Z. I. Abbas and A. S. Abbas, “Oxidative degradation of phenolic wastewater by electro-Fenton process using MnO2-graphite electrode,” J. Environ. Chem. Eng., vol. 7, no. 3, p. 103108, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103108
R. Siburian, H. Sihotang, S. Lumban Raja, M. Supeno, and C. Simanjuntak, “New route to synthesize of graphene nano sheets,” Oriental Journal of Chemistry, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 182–187, 2018, https://doi.org/10.13005/ojc/340120
X. Hu, X. Tian, Y. W. Lin, and Z. Wang, “Nickel foam and stainless steel mesh as electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen evolution reaction and overall water splitting in alkaline media,” RSC Adv, vol. 9, no. 54, pp. 31563–31571, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra07258f
M. A. Bezerra, R. E. Santelli, E. P. Oliveira, L. S. Villar, and L. A. Escaleira, “Response surface methodology (RSM) as a tool for optimization in analytical chemistry,” Talanta, vol. 76, no. 5. Elsevier, pp. 965–977, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2008.05.019
A. Alev. Utilization of Response Surface Methodology in Optimization of Extraction of Plant Materials. 2018. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73690
S. Umar, N. Bakhary, and A. R. Z. Abidin, “Response surface methodology for damage detection using frequency and mode shape,” Measurement (Lond), vol. 115, pp. 258–268, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2017.10.047
A. S. Fahem and A. H. Abbar, “Treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater by electro-Fenton process using porous graphite electrodes,” Egypt J Chem, vol. 63, no. 12, pp. 4805–4819, 2020, https://doi.org/10.21608/EJCHEM.2020.28148.2592
W. Wan, Y. Zhang, R. Ji, B. Wang, and F. He, “Metal Foam-Based Fenton-Like Process by Aeration,” ACS Omega, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 6104–6111, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.7b00977
E. Bocos, O. Iglesias, M. Pazos, and M. Ángeles Sanromán, “Nickel foam a suitable alternative to increase the generation of Fenton’s reagents,” Process Safety and Environmental Protection, vol. 101, pp. 34–44, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2015.04.011
Z. M. Issa and R. H. Salman, “Chromium Ions Removal by Capacitive Deionization Process: Optimization of the Operating Parameters with Response Surface Methodology,” Journal of Ecological Engineering, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 51–65, 2023, https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/155953
R. Arunachalam and G. Annadurai, “Optimized response surface methodology for adsorption of dyestuff from aqueous solution,” Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 65–72, 2011, https://doi.org/10.3923/jest.2011.65.72
C. Demirel, A. Kabutey, D. Herák, A. Sedlaček, Č. Mizera, and O. Dajbych, “Using Box–Behnken Design Coupled with Response Surface Methodology for Optimizing Rapeseed Oil Expression Parameters under Heating and Freezing Conditions,” Processes, vol. 10, no. 3, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10030490
R. Q. Al-Khafaji and A. H. A. K. Mohammed, “Optimization of Continuous Electro-Fenton and Photo electro-Fenton Processes to Treat Iraqi Oilfield Produced Water Using Surface Response Methodology,” in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019, vol. 518, no. 6. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/518/6/062007
R. Davarnejad and A. Sahraei, “Industrial wastewater treatment using an electrochemical technique: an optimized process,” Desalination Water Treat, vol. 57, no. 21, pp. 9622–9634, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1030776
H. He and Z. Zhou, “Electro-fenton process for water and wastewater treatment,” Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol, vol. 47, no. 21, pp. 2100–2131, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2017.1405673
C. Yang, H. Liu, S. Luo, X. Chen, and H. He, “Performance of Modified Electro-Fenton Process for Phenol Degradation Using Bipolar Graphite Electrodes and Activated Carbon,” Journal of Environmental Engineering, vol. 138, no. 6, pp. 613–619, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000517
E. Mousset, L. Frunzo, G. Esposito, E. D. van Hullebusch, N. Oturan, and M. A. Oturan, “A complete phenol oxidation pathway obtained during electro-Fenton treatment and validated by a kinetic model study,” Appl Catal B, vol. 180, pp. 189–198, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.06.014
H. M. Ibrahim and R. H. Salman, “Study the Optimization of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Treatment by Successive Electrocoagulation and Electro-oxidation Systems,” Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 31–41, 2022, https://doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2022.1.5
G. P. Anipsitakis and D. D. Dionysiou, “Transition metal/UV-based advanced oxidation technologies for water decontamination,” Appl Catal B, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 155–163, 2004, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2004.05.025
D. Ranjan, M. A. Khan, M. Otero, M. R. Siddiqui, and S. A. Alshaeef, “Optimization of bromate adsorption onto Fe-CNTs nanocomposite using response surface methodology,” Water SA, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 423–429, 2021, https://doi.org/10.17159/WSA/2021.V47.I4.3873
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
