Silica sand-supported nZVI-Cu nanoparticles synthesized in a green method for antibiotics removal from aqueous solutions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2026.1.6Keywords:
Conocarpus leaf extract; nZVI; SS-Fe/Cu nanocomposite; Tetracycline; Ciprofloxacin; AdsorptionAbstract
It is challenging to remove antibiotics from water bodies, as they are among the most widespread contaminants in the environment, particularly with conventional wastewater treatment methods, due to their persistence and low biodegradability. The current study examined the use of nanoscale zero-valent iron to remove antibiotics. Conocarpus leaf extract, which is primarily composed of polyphenols like flavonoids and tannins, was employed as a green source to prepare Fe/Cu nanoparticles, which can act as an eco-friendly reducing agent. The nanoparticles were immobilized onto silica sand (SS), forming SS-Fe/Cu nanocomposite to remove tetracycline (TC) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) from aqueous solutions. The structural characteristics of the produced nanocomposite were examined using a number of analytical techniques, including XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, EDS, TEM, BET, TGA, and DSC. The structural and morphological analyses confirmed the successful synthesis of the SS–Fe/Cu nanocomposite, with well-dispersed nanoparticles (FE-SEM/TEM), characteristic functional groups (FTIR), crystalline structure (XRD), surface area enhancement (BET), elemental composition (EDS), and good thermal stability (TGA/DSC). Studies were conducted through batch experiments, and the influence of various variables (contact time, pH, agitation speed, nanocomposite dosage, and initial pollutant concentration (Co)) was investigated. The maximum removal efficiencies of 93% and 85% were achieved for TC and CIP, respectively, under ideal conditions: time = 90 min, pH of 11 for TC and 7 for CIP, agitation speed = 200 rpm, Co = 10 mg/L, and nanocomposite dosage of 1 g/50 mL. Isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies showed that adsorption of both TC and CIP followed the Freundlich model and pseudo-second-order kinetics, indicating chemisorption as the main mechanism. Thermodynamic results revealed that TC adsorption was endothermic and non-spontaneous (positive ΔS°), while CIP adsorption was exothermic and spontaneous (negative ΔS°), confirming the efficiency of the SS–Fe/Cu nanocomposite. The results revealed that the green-fabricated SS-Fe/Cu nanocomposite could be used as an efficient agent for extracting TC and CIP from aqueous solutions.
Received on 25/11/2025
Received in Revised Form on 19/01/2026
Accepted on 19/01/2026
Published on 30/03/2026
References
[1] Z. T. Abd Ali, “Green synthesis of graphene-coated sand (GCS) using low-grade dates for evaluation and modeling of the pH-dependent permeable barrier for remediation of groundwater contaminated with copper,” Separation Science and Technology, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 14–25, Jan. 2021, https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2019.1708937
[2] S. M. Ibrahim, “Removal of acidic dye from aqueous solution using surfactant modified bentonite (organoclay): batch and kinetic study,” Journal of Engineering, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 64–81, 2020, https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2020.05.05
[3] M. R. Shaibur, F. K. S. Tanzia, S. Nishi, N. Nahar, S. Parvin, and T. A. Adjadeh, “Removal of Cr (VI) and Cu (II) from tannery effluent with water hyacinth and arum shoot powders: A study from Jashore, Bangladesh,” Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, vol. 7, p. 100102, Aug. 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100102
[4] A. A. H. Faisal, M. B. Abdul, K. Alaa, K. Mohammed, A. A. Ghfar, and M. B. A. Kareem, “Novel Sorbent of Sand Coated with Humic Acid ‑ Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Elimination of Copper and Cadmium Ions from Contaminated Water,” Journal of Polymers and the Environment, vol. 29, no. 11, pp. 3618–3635, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-021-02132-3
[5] Z. Salari, R. Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, A. A. Babaei, L. Roomiani, and S. Sabzalipour, “Removal of Florfenicol Antibiotic from Aquaculture Effluent Using an Integrated Strategy of Advanced Oxidation and Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (AOP/MBBR),” Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Enineering, vol. 43, no. 12, pp. 4288–4300, 2024, https://doi.org/10.30492/ijcce.2024.2024482.6488
[6] B. H. Graimed and Z. T. Abd Ali, “Green approach for the synthesis of graphene glass hybrid as a reactive barrier for remediation of groundwater contaminated with lead and tetracycline,” Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, vol. 18, p. 100685, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2022.100685
[7] Z. Jahani, N. Samadani Langeroodi, M. Khalafi, and A. Mokhtari, “Optimizing the Adsorption Conditions for Removing Tetracycline from Water Using ZnCl2-Activated Carbon Derived from Walnut Shell,” Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Enineering, vol. 44, no. 10, 2025, https://doi.org/10.30492/ijcce.2025.2049827.6953
[8] S. Kaushal, A. Kumar, H. Bains, and P. P. Singh, “Photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline antibiotic and organic dyes using biogenic synthesized CuO/Fe2O3 nanocomposite: pathways and mechanism insights,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 30, no. 13, pp. 37092–37104, 2023, https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1743967/v2
[9] S. Liu et al., “Ultra-high adsorption of tetracycline antibiotics on garlic skin-derived porous biomass carbon with high surface area,” New Journal of Chemistry, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 1097–1106, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NJ05396D
[10] M. S. Ameer, M. A. Atiya, A. K. Hassan, A. M. Shakorfow, and N. Al Mhanna, “CuO/ZnO Nanocomposite Biosynthesis Approach Using Eucalyptus Leaves for Photodegradation of Tetracycline,” Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 25–37, Dec. 2024, https://doi.org/10.22153/kej.2024.08.003
[11] W.-T. Jiang et al., “Removal of ciprofloxacin from water by birnessite,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 250–251, pp. 362–369, Apr. 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.02.015
[12] . Falyouna, I. Maamoun, K. Bensaida, Y. Sugihara, and O. Eljamal, “Removal of ciprofloxacin from aqueous solutions by nanoscale zerovalent iron-based materials: a mini review,”, Proceedings of International Exchange and Innovation Conference on Engineering & Sciences (IEICES), 2020, https://doi.org/10.5109/4102485
[13] M. Yoosefian, S. Ahmadzadeh, M. Aghasi, and M. Dolatabadi, “Optimization of electrocoagulation process for efficient removal of ciprofloxacin antibiotic using iron electrode; kinetic and isotherm studies of adsorption,” Journal of Molecular Liquids, vol. 225, pp. 544–553, Jan. 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2016.11.093
[14] Y. Jia, S. K. Khanal, H. Shu, H. Zhang, G.-H. Chen, and H. Lu, “Ciprofloxacin degradation in anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) sludge system: Mechanism and pathways,” Water Research, vol. 136, pp. 64–74, Jun. 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.057
[15] A. El-Baz, I. Hendy, A. Dohdoh, and M. Srour, “Adsorption technique for pollutants removal; current new trends and future challenges – A Review,” The Egyptian International Journal of Engineering Sciences and Technology, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 1–24, Dec. 2020, https://doi.org/10.21608/eijest.2020.45536.1015
[16] Z. Othman, H. R. Mackey, and K. A. Mahmoud, “MXene/chitosan/lignosulfonate (MCL) nanocomposite for simultaneous removal of Co(II), Cr(VI), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Pb(II) heavy metals from wastewater,” 2D Materials, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 024004, Apr. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/acbd62
[17] R. Tahmasebpour and S. J. Peighambardoust, “Decontamination of tetracycline from aqueous solution using activated carbon/Fe3O4/ZIF-8 nanocomposite adsorbent,” Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 343, p. 127188, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2024.127188
[18] R. Foroutan, S. J. Peighambardoust, P. Latifi, A. Ahmadi, M. Alizadeh, and B. Ramavandi, “Carbon nanotubes/β-cyclodextrin/MnFe2O4 as a magnetic nanocomposite powder for tetracycline antibiotic decontamination from different aqueous environments,” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, vol. 9, no. 6, p. 106344, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.106344
[19] Y. Zhou et al., “Applications of nanoscale zero-valent iron and its composites to the removal of antibiotics: a review,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 54, no. 19, pp. 12171–12188, Oct. 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03606-5
[20] N. A. Abdulhusain and Z. T. Abd Ali, “Green synthesis of sand-bimetallic Fe/Pb nanoparticles as an environmentally sustainable composite for ciprofloxacin and copper removal from aqueous solutions,” Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 287, pp. 155–166, 2023, https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2023.29361
[21] Y. He et al., “Zeolite supported Fe/Ni bimetallic nanoparticles for simultaneous removal of nitrate and phosphate: Synergistic effect and mechanism,” Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 347, pp. 669–681, Sep. 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.04.088
[22] M. Stefaniuk, P. Oleszczuk, and Y. S. Ok, “Review on nano zerovalent iron (nZVI): From synthesis to environmental applications,” Chemical Engineering Journal vol. 287, pp. 618–632, Mar. 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.11.046
[23] K. V. G. Ravikumar, G. Debayan, P. Mrudula, N. Chandrasekaran, and M. Amitava, “In situ formation of bimetallic FeNi nanoparticles on sand through green technology: Application for tetracycline removal,” Frontiers in Environmental Science, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 16, Feb. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-019-1195-3
[24] Z. T. Abd Ali and N. A. Abdulhusain, “Containment of ciprofloxacin and copper in groundwater using nanocomposite prepared by the use of pomegranate peel extract: characterization, kinetic, and modeling study,” Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 315, pp. 327–341, 2023, https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2023.30139
[25] X. Wang, P. Huang, P. Zhang, C. Wang, F. He, and H. Sun, “Synthesis of stabilized zero-valent iron particles and role investigation of humic acid-Fex+ shell in Fenton-like reactions and surface stability control,” Journal of Hazardous Materials , vol. 465, p. 133296, Mar. 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133296
[26] H. S. Hadi and Z. T. Abd Ali, “Removal of amoxicillin and lead from aqueous solutions using immobilized nanoparticles: green synthesis, characterization, and kinetic study,” Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 312, pp. 119–131, 2023, https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2023.30064
[27] M. Can, “Green gold nanoparticles from plant-derived materials: an overview of the reaction synthesis types, conditions, and applications,” Reviews in Chemical Engineering, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 859–877, Oct. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1515/revce-2018-0051
[28] O. P. Bolade, A. B. Williams, and N. U. Benson, “Green synthesis of iron-based nanomaterials for environmental remediation: A review,” Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, vol. 13, p. 100279, May 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2019.100279
[29] A. Mahmoud, M. M. El-Shafei, A. S. Mahmoud, M. Mostafa, and R. Peters, “Green synthesis of nano iron carbide: preparation, characterization and application for removal of phosphate from aqueous solutions,” in 2018 AIChE Annual Meeting, AIChE, 2018.
[30] H. S. Afifi, H. M. Al Marzooqi, M. J. Tabbaa, and A. A. Arran, “Phytochemicals of Conocarpus spp. as a Natural and Safe Source of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidants,” Molecules, vol. 26, no. 4, p. 1069, Feb. 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041069
[31] D. K. D. NASCIMENTO et al., “Phytochemical Screening and Acute Toxicity of Aqueous Extract of Leaves of Conocarpus erectus Linnaeus in Swiss Albino Mice,” An. Acad. Bras. Cienc., vol. 88, no. 3, pp. 1431–1437, Aug. 2016, https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201620150391
[32] M. Saadullah, B. A. Chaudary, and M. Uzair, “Antioxidant, Phytotoxic and Antiurease Activities, and Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Conocarpus lancifolius (Combretaceae),” Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 15, no. 3, p. 555, Apr. 2016, https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v15i3.17
[33] J. A. A. Abdullah, M. Jiménez-Rosado, V. Perez-Puyana, A. Guerrero, and A. Romero, “Green Synthesis of FexOy Nanoparticles with Potential Antioxidant Properties,” Nanomaterials, vol. 12, no. 14, p. 2449, Jul. 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12142449
[34] A. A. Naji and Z. T. Abd Ali, “Fabrication of immobilized magnetic nanoparticles for removal of cadmium and moxifloxacin from aqueous solutions using green approach: Batch and continuous study,” Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, vol. 9, p. 100771, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2024.100771
[35] T. S. Merjan and Z. T. A. Ali, “Green synthesis of bimetallic and trimetallic nanoparticles on glass granules for lead removal,” Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 322, p. 101082, Apr. 2025, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2025.101082
[36] N. Alaa Abdulhusain and Z. Tark Abd Ali, “Green approach for fabrication of sand-bimetallic (Fe/Pb) nanocomposite as reactive material for remediation of contaminated groundwater using permeable reactive barrier,” Alexandria Engineering Journal, vol. 72, pp. 511–530, Jun. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2023.04.028
[37] A. Kareem Mohammed, I. M. M. Rashid, N. AL Sbani, and W. Wan Isaha, “Modification, Characterization of Tea Residue-derived Activated Carbon, and Ciprofloxacin Adsorption,” Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 1–16, Mar. 2024, https://doi.org/10.22153/kej.2024.11.001
[38] Z. T. Abd Ali, “Combination of the artificial neural network and advection-dispersion equation for modeling of methylene blue dye removal from aqueous solution using olive stones as reactive bed,” Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 179, pp. 302–311, Mar. 2020, https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2020.25037
[39] I. M. Rashid, S. D. Salman, A. K. Mohammed, and Y. S. Mahdi, “Green Synthesis of Nickle Oxide Nanoparticles for Adsorption of Dyes,” Sains Malaysiana, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 533–546, Feb. 2022, https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5102-17
[40] A. K. Mohammed, S. M. Saadoon, Z. T. Abd Ali, I. M. Rashid, and N. H. A. L. Sbani, “Removal of amoxicillin from contaminated water using modified bentonite as a reactive material,” Heliyon, vol. 10, no. 3, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24916
[41] H. S. Hadi and Z. T. Abd Ali, “Green approach for the synthesis of nanocomposite used as reactive material to containment amoxicillin and lead in groundwater,” Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, vol. 9, p. 100707, Jun. 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2024.100707
[42] A. Adel Naji and Z. Tark Abd Ali, “A single-step method as a green approach to fabricate magnetite nanocomposite for removal of moxifloxacin and cadmium from aqueous solutions,” Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, vol. 20, p. 100883, Dec. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2023.100883
[43] S. Saadoon, A. K. Mohammed, Z. T. A. Ali, I. M. Rashid, W. N. R. W. Isahak, and M. Rahimnejad, “Removal of Diclofenac from Contaminated Water using Organoclay as Reactive Material,” Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 1–13, Jun. 2024, https://doi.org/10.22153/kej.2024.12.001
[44] M. E. González-López, C. M. Laureano-Anzaldo, A. A. Pérez-Fonseca, M. Arellano, and J. R. Robledo-Ortíz, “A Critical Overview of Adsorption Models Linearization: Methodological and Statistical Inconsistencies,” Separation & Purification Reviews, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 358–372, Jul. 2022, https://doi.org/10.1080/15422119.2021.1951757
[45] S. K. Thaligari, V. C. Srivastava, and B. Prasad, “Adsorptive desulfurization by zinc-impregnated activated carbon: characterization, kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamic modeling,” Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 1021–1030, Apr. 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-015-1090-y
[46] T. S. Soliman and S. A. Vshivkov, “Effect of Fe nanoparticles on the structure and optical properties of polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposite films,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, vol. 519, p. 119452, Sep. 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2019.05.028
[47] L. Du et al., “Nitrogen–doped graphitized carbon shell encapsulated NiFe nanoparticles: A highly durable oxygen evolution catalyst,” Nano Energy, vol. 39, pp. 245–252, Sep. 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.07.006
[48] S. S. Shah, T. Sharma, B. A. Dar, and R. K. Bamezai, “Adsorptive removal of methyl orange dye from aqueous solution using populous leaves: Insights from kinetics, thermodynamics and computational studies,” Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, vol. 3, pp. 172–181, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enceco.2021.05.002
[49] T. D. Bennett, F.-X. Coudert, S. L. James, and A. I. Cooper, “The changing state of porous materials,” Nature Materials., vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 1179–1187, Sep. 2021, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-021-00957-w
[50] A. H. Sulaymon, A. A. H. Faisal, and Z. T. Abd Ali, “Performance of granular dead anaerobic sludge as permeable reactive barrier for containment of lead from contaminated groundwater,” Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 327–337, Oct. 2015, https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.942376
[51] J. Liu, Y. Du, W. Sun, Q. Chang, and C. Peng, “A granular adsorbent-supported Fe/Ni nanoparticles activating persulfate system for simultaneous adsorption and degradation of ciprofloxacin,” Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 1077–1084, Apr. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2019.12.019
[52] D. Wang, J. Li, Z. Xu, Y. Zhu, and G. Chen, “Preparation of novel flower-like BiVO4/Bi2Ti2O7/Fe3O4 for simultaneous removal of tetracycline and Cu2+: Adsorption and photocatalytic mechanisms,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 533, pp. 344–357, Jan. 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.08.089
[53] Z. T. Abd Ali, H. J. Khadim, and M. A. Ibrahim, “Simulation of the remediation of groundwater contaminated with ciprofloxacin using grafted concrete demolition wastes by ATPES as reactive material: batch and modeling study,” Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 65, no. 10, pp. 585–596, 2022, https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2022.115123.5222
[54] A. F. Ali and Z. T. Abd Ali, “Interaction of aqueous Cu2+ ions with granules of crushed concrete,” Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 31–38, 2019, https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2019.1.5
[55] A. Q. Saeed, H. M. Khudhair, A. S. H. Alhamdani, S. L. Abbas, and M. J. Abdulhasan, “Using Iron/Nickel Coated Sand Nanocomposites Prepared by Eucalyptus Leaf Extract for Copper Removal from Aqueous Solutions,” Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 219–224, Jul. 2024, https://doi.org/10.12912/27197050/188192
[56] M. N. Ezzat and Z. T. A. Ali, “Green approach for fabrication of graphene from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle waste as reactive material for dyes removal from aqueous solution: Batch and continuous study,” Sustainable Materials and Technologies, vol. 32, p. e00404, Jul. 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2022.e00404
[57] T. H. Mhawesh and Z. T. Abd Ali, “Reuse of brick waste as a cheap-sorbent for the removal of nickel ions from aqueous solutions,” Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 15–23, 2020, https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2020.2.3
[58] A. M. Naji and Z. T. Abd Ali, “Evaluation of modified bentonite using chemical and physical methods for removal of amoxicillin from aqueous solutions: batch and continuous study,” Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 294, pp. 185–201, 2023, https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2023.29564
[59] Z. T. Abd Ali, H. M. Flayeh, and M. A. Ibrahim, “Numerical modeling of performance of olive seeds as permeable reactive barrier for containment of copper from contaminated groundwater,” Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 139, pp. 268–276, 2019, https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.23305
[60] S. D. Salman and I. M. Rashid, “Production and characterization of composite activated carbon from potato peel waste for cyanide removal from aqueous solution,” Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, vol. 43, no. 1, p. e14260, Jan. 2024, https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.14260
[61] T. S. Hussein and A. A. H. Faisal, “Nanoparticles of (calcium/aluminum/CTAB) layered double hydroxide immobilization onto iron slag for removing of cadmium ions from aqueous environment,” Arabian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 16, no. 9, p. 105031, Sep. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.105031
[62] N. F. El-Harby, S. M. A. Ibrahim, and N. A. Mohamed, “Adsorption of Congo red dye onto antimicrobial terephthaloyl thiourea cross-linked chitosan hydrogels,” Water Science & Technology, vol. 76, no. 10, pp. 2719–2732, Nov. 2017, https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.442
[63] I. W. Almanassra, V. Kochkodan, G. Ponnusamy, G. Mckay, M. Ali Atieh, and T. Al-Ansari, “Carbide Derived Carbon (CDC) as novel adsorbent for ibuprofen removal from synthetic water and treated sewage effluent,” Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 1375–1390, Dec. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-020-00554-0
[64] K. Ebisike, A. Elvis Okoronkwo, K. Kanayo Alaneme, and O. Jeremiah Akinribide, “Thermodynamic study of the adsorption of Cd2+ and Ni2+ onto chitosan – Silica hybrid aerogel from aqueous solution,” Results in Chemistry, vol. 5, p. 100730, Jan. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100730
[65] Q. Huang et al., “Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies of acid soluble lignin adsorption from rice straw hydrolysate by a self-synthesized macro/mesoporous resin,” RSC Advances, vol. 7, no. 39, pp. 23896–23906, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA01058C
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by College of Engineering, University of Baghdad.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
