Petrophysical Analysis Based on Well Logging Data for Tight Carbonate Reservoir: The SADI Formation Case in Halfaya Oil Field
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2023.3.6Keywords:
Petrophysical properties, Carbonate reservoirs, formation evaluation, (Flow Zone Indicator) FZIAbstract
Carbonate reservoirs are an essential source of hydrocarbons worldwide, and their petrophysical properties play a crucial role in hydrocarbon production. Carbonate reservoirs' most critical petrophysical properties are porosity, permeability, and water saturation. A tight reservoir refers to a reservoir with low porosity and permeability, which means it is difficult for fluids to move from one side to another. This study's primary goal is to evaluate reservoir properties and lithological identification of the SADI Formation in the Halfaya oil field. It is considered one of Iraq's most significant oilfields, 35 km south of Amarah. The Sadi formation consists of four units: A, B1, B2, and B3. Sadi A was excluded as it was not filled with hydrocarbons. The structural and petrophysical models were built based on data gathered from five oil wells. The data from the available well logs, including RHOB, NPHI, SONIC, Gamma-ray, Caliper, and resistivity logs, was used to calculate the petrophysical properties. These logs were analyzed and corrected for environmental factors using IP V3.5 software. where the average formation water resistivity (Rw = 0.04), average mud filtrate resistivity (Rmf = 0.06), and Archie's parameters (m = 2, n = 1.9, and a = 1) were determined. The well-log data values calculated the porosity, permeability, water saturation, and net-to-gross thickness ratio (N/G).
Received on 03/10/2022
Received in Revised Form on 23/11/2022
Accepted on 24/11/2022
Published on 30/09/2023
References
J. Hou, L. Zhao, W. Zhao, Z. Feng, X. Wang, and X. Zeng, "Evaluation of pore-throat structures of carbonate reservoirs based on petrophysical facies division," Frontiers in Earth Science, vol. 11, p. 1164751, 2023, http://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1164751
M. Mehrad, A. Ramezanzadeh, M. Bajolvand, and M. R. Hajsaeedi, "Estimating shear wave velocity in carbonate reservoirs from petrophysical logs using intelligent algorithms," Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, vol. 212, p. 110254, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2022.110254
O. Salman, O. F. Hasan, and S. Al-Jawad, "Permeability Prediction in One of Iraqi Carbonate Reservoir Using Statistical, Hydraulic Flow Units, and ANN Methods," Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 17-24, 2022, https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2022.4.3
Z. Ernando, M. Aip, T. B. Nordin, I. Alliyah, A. S. B. Johari, and F. Muhammad, "Rock Type and Generalization of Permeability-Porosity Relationship for Carbonate Reservoir in Ketapang Block, Indonesia," 2022, https://doi.org/10.29118/ipa22-g-283
O. Salman, O. Al-Fatlawi, and S. Al-Jawad, "Reservoir Characterization and Rock Typing of Carbonate Reservoir in the Southeast of Iraq," The Iraqi Geological Journal, pp. 221-237, 2023, https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.1A.17ms-2023-1-29
G. Zhu, X. Wang, and R. Guo, "Comprehensive Formation Evaluation of HF Carbonate Reservoir by Integrating the Static and Dynamic Parameters," in SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, 2013: OnePetro, https://doi.org/10.2118/165896-MS
O. F. Al-Fatlawi, "Numerical simulation for the reserve estimation and production optimization from tight gas reservoirs," Curtin University, 2018.
O. Al-Fatlawi, M. M. Hossain, and A. Saeedi, "A new practical method for predicting equivalent drainage area of well in tight gas reservoirs," in SPE Europec featured at EAGE Conference and Exhibition?, 2017: SPE, p. D031S007R007, https://doi.org/10.2118/185854-MS
A. Cardona and J. C. Santamarina, "Carbonate rocks: Matrix permeability estimation," AAPG Bulletin, vol. 104, no. 1, pp. 131-144, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1306/05021917345
O. Al-Fatlawi, M. H. Mofazzal, S. Hicks, and A. Saeedi, "Developed material balance approach for estimating gas initially in place and ultimate recovery for tight gas reservoirs," in Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference, 2016: OnePetro, https://doi.org/10.2118/183015-MS
I. Shishkova et al., "Challenges in petroleum characterization—A review," Energies, vol. 15, no. 20, p. 7765, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207765
F. A. Anifowose, J. Labadin, and A. Abdulraheem, "Hybrid intelligent systems in petroleum reservoir characterization and modeling: the journey so far and the challenges ahead," Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, vol. 7, pp. 251-263, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/S13202-016-0257-3
S. M. Awadh, H. S. Al-Mimar, and Z. M. Yaseen, "Effect of water flooding on oil reservoir permeability: saturation index prediction model for giant oil reservoirs, Southern Iraq," Natural Resources Research, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 4403-4415, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1007/S11053-021-09923-4
R. Rahimi, M. Bagheri, and M. Masihi, "Characterization and estimation of reservoir properties in a carbonate reservoir in Southern Iran by fractal methods," Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, vol. 8, pp. 31-41, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13202-017-0358-7
M. S. Rosid, R. A. Kurnia, and M. W. Haidar, "Estimation of 3D Carbonate Reservoir Permeability and Interparticle Porosity Based on Rock Types Distribution Model," GEOMATE Journal, vol. 19, no. 74, pp. 59-65, 2020, https://doi.org/10.21660/2020.74.10910
F. Male and I. J. Duncan, "Lessons for machine learning from the analysis of porosity-permeability transforms for carbonate reservoirs," Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, vol. 187, p. 106825, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PETROL.2019.106825
R. Kalule, H. A. Abderrahmane, W. Alameri, and M. Sassi, "Stacked ensemble machine learning for porosity and absolute permeability prediction of carbonate rock plugs," Scientific Reports, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 9855, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-36096-2
M. M. Hossain, O. Al-Fatlawi, D. Brown, and M. Ajeel, "Numerical approach for the prediction of formation and hydraulic fracture properties considering elliptical flow regime in tight gas reservoirs," in Offshore Technology Conference Asia, 2018: OTC, p. D021S007R004, https://doi.org/10.4043/28418-MS
P. Xu et al., "Permeability prediction using logging data in a heterogeneous carbonate reservoir: A new self-adaptive predictor," Geoenergy Science and Engineering, vol. 224, p. 211635, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoen.2023.211635
H. Khoshdel, A. Javaherian, M. R. Saberi, S. R. Varnousfaderani, and M. Shabani, "Permeability estimation using rock physics modeling and seismic inversion in a carbonate reservoir," Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, vol. 219, p. 111128, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2022.111128
C. H. Moore and W. J. Wade, "The nature and classification of carbonate porosity," in Developments in sedimentology, vol. 67: Elsevier, 2013, pp. 51-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53831-4.00004-5
G. D. Merletti et al., "Integration of depositional, petrophysical, and petrographic facies for predicting permeability in tight gas reservoirs," Interpretation, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. SE29-SE41, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1190/INT-2016-0112.1
S. Dasgupta, "Comprehensive lithological description, reservoir property, and pore-pressure prediction for unconventional shale reservoirs using rock physics: Midland reservoir characterization case study," in Second International Meeting for Applied Geoscience & Energy, 2022: Society of Exploration Geophysicists and American Association of Petroleum …, pp. 2203-2207, https://doi.org/10.1190/image2022-3750232.1
Z. Xia, S. Li, Z. Liu, B. Wang, Y. Wang, and M. Xie, "Reservoir Characteristics of Epimetamorphic Rock Gas Reservoir in Pingxi Area, Qaidam Basin," in Proceedings of the International Field Exploration and Development Conference 2018 8th, 2020: Springer, pp, 397-409. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7127-1_37
A. Hassane, C. N. Ehirim, and T. Dagogo, "Rock physics diagnostic of Eocene Sokor-1 reservoir in Termit subbasin, Niger," Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 336, 2021, 1-3371. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13202-021-01259-2
F. A. Aljuboori, J. H. Lee, K. A. Elraies, and K. D. Stephen, "Using statistical approaches in permeability prediction in highly heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs," Carbonates and Evaporites, vol. 36, no. 3, p. 49, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1007/S13146-021-00707-8
W. M. Ahr, Geology of carbonate reservoirs: the identification, description and characterization of hydrocarbon reservoirs in carbonate rocks. John Wiley and Sons, 2011.
H. Qanadeely, K. Al-Mulhim, and R. Amin, "Elements Influencing the Estimated Permeability from Pressure Transient Analysis in Comparison to Measured Permeability from Cores," in International Petroleum Technology Conference, 2020: IPTC, p. D022S140R002, https://doi.org/10.2523/IPTC-20101-MS
F. Aminzadeh and S. N. Dasgupta, "Formation Evaluation," in Developments in Petroleum Science, vol. 60: Elsevier, 2013, pp. 93-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-50662-7.00004-4
M. O. Amabeoku, D. Kersey, A. A. Al-Harbi, A. R. Al-Belowi, and R. H. BinNasser, "Successful application of the key well concept to enhance formation evaluation," in IPTC 2008: International Petroleum Technology Conference, 2008: European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, pp. cp-148-00186, https://doi.org/10.2523/IPTC-12579-MS
A. M. Al-Heeti, O. F. Al-Fatlawi, and M. M. Hossain, "Evaluation of the Mishrif Formation Using an Advanced Method of Interpretation," Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 41-51, 2023, https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2023.2.5
C. Cavalleri, G. Brouwer, D. Kodri, D. Rose, and J.-B. T. Brinks, "Maximizing the value of pulsed-neutron logs: A complex case study of gas pressure assessment through casing," Petrophysics, vol. 61, no. 06, pp. 610-622, 2020, https://doi.org/10.30632/PJV61N6-2020A6
R. Abdel Azim and A. Aljehani, "Neural Network Model for Permeability Prediction from Reservoir Well Logs," Processes, vol. 10, no. 12, p. 2587, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10122587
B. A. AL-Baldawi, "Hydrocarbon Reservoir Characterization Using Well Logs of Nahr Umr Formation in Kifl Oil field, Central Iraq," Iraqi Journal of Science, pp. 3544-3554, 2022, https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2022.63.8.27
M. M. A.-N. Al-Nafie, S. Y. Jassim, and A. J. Al-Khafaji, "Determination of reservoir properties for Nahr Umr Formation based on core plugs, lithofacies, and well logs in Noor oilfield, southern Iraq," Iraqi Journal of Science, 2022, https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2022.63.5.22
S. Z. Jassim and J. C. Goff, Geology of Iraq. DOLIN, sro, distributed by Geological Society of London, 2006.
Ministry of Oil - Iraq, "Development plan P2-3-Sadi-Tanuma," 2012.
A. K. Farouk and A. A. Al-haleem, "Integrating Petrophysical and Geomechanical Rock Properties for Determination of Fracability of an Iraqi Tight Oil Reservoir," The Iraqi Geological Journal, pp. 81-94, 2022, https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.55.1F.7Ms-2022-06-22
S. A. Jassam and O. Al-Fatlawi, "Development of 3D Geological Model and Analysis of the Uncertainty in a Tight Oil Reservoir in the Halfaya Oil Field," The Iraqi Geological Journal, pp. 128-14, 2, 2023, https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.1B.10ms-2023-2-18
A. Rotaru et al., "Horizontal Wells Geosteering and Reservoir Characterization by Using Advanced Mud Logging on the Example of the Terrigenous Reservoir of Eastern Siberia," in SPE Russian Petroleum Technology Conference?, 2019: SPE, p. D013S003R006. https://doi.org/10.2118/196960-MS
J. Neal, L. Boatner, Z. Bell, H. Akkurt, and M. McCarthy, "Evaluation of neutron and gamma detectors for high-temperature well-logging applications," in 2011 Future of Instrumentation International Workshop (FIIW) Proceedings, 2011: IEEE, pp. 172-175, https://doi.org/10.1109/FIIW.2011.6476818
J. A. Jarzyna, S. Baudzis, M. Janowski, and E. Puskarczyk, "Geothermal Resources Recognition and Characterization on the Basis of Well Logging and Petrophysical Laboratory Data, Polish Case Studies," Energies, vol. 14, no. 4, p. 850, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/en14040850
T. Deng, J. Ambía, and C. Torres-Verdín, "Interpretation of well logs and core data via Bayesian inversion," Geophysics, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. D49-D67, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2022-0164.1
K. Katterbauer and A. Al Shehri, "A Novel Well Log Data Quality Prescriptive Framework for Enhancing Well Log Data Quality Interpretation," in Middle East Oil, Gas and Geosciences Show, 2023: OnePetro, https://doi.org/10.2118/213224-ms
S. Mishra, C. Shrivastava, A. Ojha, and F. Miotti, "Enhancing Reservoir Characterization by Calibrating 3D Reservoir Model with Inter-Well Data in 2D Space," in SPE Oil and Gas India Conference and Exhibition, 2019: OnePetro, https://doi.org/10.2118/194607-MS
R. Khisamov et al., "Well logging data interpretation in oil and gas source rock sections based on complex petrophysical and geochemical analysis results," in SPE Russian Petroleum Technology Conference, 2018: OnePetro, https://doi.org/10.2118/191675-18RPTC-MS
R. O. Baker, H. W. Yarranton, and J. Jensen, Practical reservoir engineering and characterization. Gulf Professional Publishing, 2015.
K. Lehmann, "Environmental corrections to gamma-ray log data: Strategies for geophysical logging with geological and technical drilling," Journal of applied geophysics, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 17-26, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAPPGEO.2009.10.001
A. Buono, S. Fullmer, K. Luck, K. Peterson, P. More, and S. LeBlanc, "Quantitative digital petrography: full thin section quantification of pore space and grains," in SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference, 2019: OnePetro, https://doi.org/10.2118/194899-MS
V. Krutko et al., "A new approach to clastic rocks pore-scale topology reconstruction based on automatic thin-section images and CT scans analysis," in SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2019: OnePetro, https://doi.org/10.2118/196183-MS
M. Abedini, M. Ziaii, and J. Ghiasi-Freez, "The application of Committee machine with particle swarm optimization to the assessment of permeability based on thin section image analysis," International Journal of Mining and Geo-Engineering, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 177-185, 2018, https://doi.org/10.22059/IJMGE.2018.223076.594649
Y. J. Tawfeeq and J. A. Al-Sudani, "Digital Rock Samples Porosity Analysis by OTSU Thresholding Technique Using MATLAB," Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 57-66, 2020. https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2020.3.8
J. Ghiasi-Freez, I. Soleimanpour, A. Kadkhodaie-Ilkhchi, M. Ziaii, M. Sedighi, and A. Hatampour, "Semi-automated porosity identification from thin section images using image analysis and intelligent discriminant classifiers," Computers & geosciences, vol. 45, pp. 36-45, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CAGEO.2012.03.006
G. Bowers and T. J. Katsube, "AAPG Memoir 76, Chapter 5: The Role of Shale Pore Structure on the Sensitivity of Wire-Line Logs to Overpressure," 2001.
S.-L. Kung, C. Lewis, and J.-C. Wu, "A technique for improving pseudo-synthetic seismograms generated from neutron logs in gas-saturated clastic rocks," Journal of Geophysics and Engineering, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 035015, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-2132/10/3/035015
T. Darling, Well logging and formation evaluation. Elsevier, 2005.
I. Taggart, "Effective versus Total Porosity Based Geostatistical Models: Implications for Upscaling and Flow Simulation," Transport in Porous Media, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 251-268, 2002/02/01 2002, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015052712760
L. I. Schlumberger, "vol. II-Applications," New York, 1974.
G. B. Asquith, D. Krygowski, and C. R. Gibson, Basic well log analysis. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Tulsa, 2004.
B. S. Mulyanto, O. Dewanto, A. Yuliani, A. Yogi, and R. C. Wibowo, "Porosity and permeability prediction using pore geometry structure method on tight carbonate reservoir," in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2020, vol. 1572, no. 1: IOP Publishing, p. 012052, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1572/1/012052
M. Khalid, S. E.-D. Desouky, M. Rashed, T. Shazly, and K. Sediek, "Application of hydraulic flow units’ approach for improving reservoir characterization and predicting permeability," Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, vol. 10, pp. 467-479, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13202-019-00758-7
H. Al-Ibadi and S. Al-Jawad, "Determination of Flow Units by Integrating Petrophysical Properties of a Giant Middle East Carbonate Reservoir," in EAGE 2020 Annual Conference & Exhibition Online, 2020, vol. 2020, no. 1: European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, pp. 1-5, https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202011926
S. A. Lazim, S. M. Hamd-Allah, and A. Jawad, "Permeability Estimation for Carbonate Reservoir (Case Study/South Iraqi Field)," Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, vol.19, no. 3, pp. 41-45, 2018, https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2018.3.5
A. M. Al-Heeti and O. F. Al-Fatlawi, "Review of Historical Studies for Water Saturation Determination Techniques," The Iraqi Geological Journal, pp. 42-62, 2022, https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.55.2A.4Ms-2022-07-20
O. Serra and L. Serra, "Well Logging - Data Acquisition and Applications," ed: Editions Technip.
P. Masoudi, B. Arbab, and H. Mohammadrezaei, "Net pay determination by Dempster rule of combination: Case study on Iranian offshore oil fields," Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, vol. 123, pp. 78-83, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PETROL.2014.07.014
O. Chudi et al., "Integration of Rock Physics and Seismic Inversion for Net-To-Gross Estimation: Implication for Reservoir Modelling and Field Development in Offshore Niger Delta," in SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition, 2019: SPE, p. D033S028R010. https://doi.org/10.2118/198765-MS
J. C. Rivenæs, P. Sørhaug, and R. Knarud, "Introduction to reservoir modelling," Petroleum Geoscience: From Sedimentary Environments to Rock Physics, pp. 559-580, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34132-8_22
A. H. Al-maini and E. N. Mad'hat, "Well Log Analysis and Interpretation for Khasib, Tanuma, and Sa’di formations for Halfaya Oil Field in Missan Govenorate-Southern Iraq," Iraqi Journal of Science, pp. 520-533, 2018.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
