Preparations of Organoclay Using Cationic Surfactant and Characterization of PVC/ (Bentonite and Organoclay) Composite Prepared via Melt Blending Method
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2017.1.2Keywords:
PVC Composites, Bentonite, Organoclay, Benzalkonium Chloride, Cationic Surfactant , Cation exchange capacity and Melt blending method.Abstract
Calcium-Montmorillonite (bentonite) [Ca-MMT] has been prepared via cation exchange reaction using benzalkonium chloride [quaternary ammonium] as a surfactant to produce organoclay which is used to prepare polymer composites. Functionalization of this filler surface is very important factor for achieving good interaction between filler and polymer matrix. Basal spacing and functional groups identification of this organoclay were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy respectively. The (XRD) results showed that the basal spacing of the treated clay (organoclay) with the benzalkonium chloride increased to 15.17213 0A, this represents an increment of about 77.9% in the basal spacing. FTIR spectra illustrate that benzalkonium chloride compound was successfully intercalated in to clay layers. The results confirm the effectiveness of the synthesis of organoclay with similar characteristics compared to those ones observed in the bentonite. The features were obtained by a simple process and enable interaction with organic compounds (polymers and plastic). PVC/bentonite composite and PVC/organoclay composite were prepared by the melt intercalation method .The results have been analyzed and compared for PVC samples with (3wt%, 7wt% and 12wt %) bentonite and organoclay micro filler .Mechanical properties, thermal properties, flammability and water absorption percentage of prepared samples were tested. Mechanical characteristic such as tensile strength, elongation at break, hardness and impact strength (charpy type) were measured for all samples, where the tensile strength and elongation at break of PVC composites increased with increasing organoclay loading compared with unmodified bentonite. Also, the hardness and impact strength of the composites increase with increase in filler content. Thermal properties of PVC/ (bentonite, organoclay) composites were characterized using Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and thermal conductivity analyzer. The results showed Tg shifted toward higher temperature for all type of filler compared to neat PVC. Also, thermal conductivity measurement values illustrated that PVC/bentonite composites have a good thermal insulation at 12wt%, thermal conductivity was decreased from 0.222 W/m.K for neat PVC to 0.11 W/m.K at 12wt% PVC/bentonite composites. Organoclay give the best possible water absorbability of the PVC, with other word making it moisture resistant .The higher the filler content the higher burning time, the lower rate of burning and the lower height of the flame which are evident at 12wt% for all fillers.
References
Turu, E.M., Kolawole, E. G., Gimba, C. E., Dallatu, Y.A. and Yerima Y., "Effect of Fired Clay on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Un-plasticized Poly (Vinyl Chloride) Composite", The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES), Vol. 3, pp. 20-28, (2014).
Hashim, F.S., "Enhancement of mechanical properties for reinforced Iraqi bentonite clay polyvinyl chloride composite using ultrasonic technique", Chemistry and Materials Research, No. 6, Vol. 2, pp. 24–32, (2012).
A.M. Motawie, A.A.Khalil, A.I.A. Eid, K.M. El-Ashry, E.M.S., "Some Studies on Poly (vinyl chloride)/Layered Silicate Nanocomposites Part 1, Morphology, Physico-mechanical, and Thermal Properties", Journal of Applied Sciences Research,No. 12, Vol. 9, pp. 6355–6364, (2014).
Savrik, S. A., B. C. Erdogan, D. Balkose and S.Ulku, "Statistical thermal stability of PVC", Journal of Applied Polymer Science, No. 3, Vol. 116, pp. 1811-1822, (2010).
Yalcin, B. & Cakmak, M., " the role of plasticizer on the exfoliation and dispersion and fracture behavior of clay particles in PVC matrix: A comprehensive morphological study", Polymer, No. 19, Vol. 45, pp. 6623–6638, (2004).
Yun-Hwei, S., "Preparations of organobentonite using nonionic surfactants, Journal of Chemosphere, Vol. 44, pp. 989-995, (2001).
Mousavi, S. M., Alemzadeh, I. and Vossoughi, M., "USE OF Modified Bentonite for Phenolic Adsorption in Treatment of Olive Oil Mill Waste Water", Iranian Journal of Science & Technology, Transaction B, Engineering, Vol. 30, B5, (2006).
Zhou, Q., He, H., Frost, R. L. and Xi, Y., "Organoclays prepared from montmorillonites with different cation exchange capacity and surfactant configuration", J. phys. Chem., Vol. 111, pp. 7487-7493, (2007).
Ismail, H. & Munusamy, Y., "Polyvinyl Chloride/Organoclay Nanocomposites: Effects of Filler Loading and Maleic Anhydride", Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, No. 16, Vol. 26, pp.1681–1694, (2007).
Karakus, S., Budinski-Simendic, J., Korugic-Karasz, L. and Z. Aroguz, A., " Characterization of Poly ( vinyl chloride)/ Bentonite Nanocomposite Prepared via Melt Blending Method", In: Ljiljana Korugic-Karasz. ed. Contemporary science of polymeric materials. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society .Chapter 8, pp 103-113, (2010).
Wang, S., Hu, Y., Wang, Z., Yong, T., Chen, Z. and Fan, W., "Synthesis and characterization of polycarbonate/ABS/montmorillonite nanocomposites", Polymer Degradation and Stability, No. 1, Vol. 80, pp.157–161, (2003).
Shelley, J.S., Mather, P.T. & Devries, K.L., "Reinforcement and environmental degradation of nylon-6 / clay nanocomposites", Polymer, Vol. 42, pp. 5849–5858, (2001).
Lagaly, G., "Clay Organic Reactions", Interactions. Philosophical Transactions .Royal Soc., London, England, (1984).
Alther, G. R. , "Removing Oils from Water with Organoclays", American Water Works Association Journal, No. 7, Vol. 94, pp. 115- 121, (2002).
Ko, M. B., "Effects of Acrylonitrile Content on the Properties of Clay-dispersed Poly (styreneco-acrylonitrile) Copolymer Nanocomposite", Polymer. Bull., Vol. 45, pp. 183–90, (2000).
Alther, G. R., Evans, J. C. and Pancoski, S. E., "Organically modified clays for stabilization of organic hazardous waste", HMCIR’S 9th National conference, superfund 88, Silver spring, pp.440-445, (1988).
Wilkes, C.E., Summers, J.W., Daniels, C.A. and Bernard, M.T., "PVC Handbook", Hanser Verlag, pp. 176-181, (2005).
Pasdar, M.D. and H., "The Influence of a Variety of Plasticisers on Properties of Poly ( vinyl chloride )", Pelagia Research Library Advances in Applied Science Research, No. 4, Vol. 3, pp.1900–1904, (2012).
Xu, W., Ge, M. & Pan, W., "Glass Poly vinyl chloride/ Montmorillonite Nanocomposites Transition temperature and mechanical properties", Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 78, pp. 1–9, (2004).
Zadeh, A. J., Sarrafi, A., Rahimi, M. Z. and Soltaninejad, S., "Processing Polyethylene/Clay Nanocomposites From Bentonite Prepared From Persian Clay", Chemical Engineering, pp. 1–5, (2011).
Sulaymon, P.A.H. & Kshash, J.M., "Removal of oil from wastewater by organoclay prepared from Iraqi bentonite", Journal of Engineering, No. 4, Vol. 16, pp. 5778–5798, (2010).
Frost, R., Carmody, O., Xi, Y. and Kokot, S., "Adsorption of hydrocarbons on organo-clays - implications for oil spill remediation", Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, No. 1, Vol. 305, pp. 17-24, (2007).
Bonadies, I., Avella, M., Avolio, R., Carfagna, C., Errico, M. and Gentile, G., "Poly (vinyl chloride)/CaCO3 nanocomposites: Influence of surface treatments on the properties", Journal of Applied Polymer Science, No. 6, Vol. 122, pp.3590-3598, (2011).
Deshmukh, S.P. & Rao, a C., "Mica Filled PVC Composites : Performance Enhancement in Dielectric and Mechanical Properties with Treated / Untreated Mica of Different Particle Size and Different Concentration", No. 2, Vol. 11, pp.169–181, (2012).
Mateusz B., "Carbon Nan tube Networks in Epoxy Composites and Aero gels", PhD. Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, (2007).
Selvaraj, D. Edison, "Partial discharge characteristics of enamel filled with micro and no composite of SiO2 and TiO2", International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications 1.2, pp. 95-101, (2012).
Fadhil, K. F., "Empirical and Simulation Investigations of Tribological and Thermal Characteristics of Polymer Nano composites", PhD. Thesis, science of college, Al-Mustansiriyah University, (2015).
Gonzaga, A. C., Sousa, B. V., Santana, L.N.L., Neves, G. A. and Rodrigues,M.G.F., "Study of Different Methods In The Preparation Of Organoclays From The Bentonite With Application In The Petroleum Industry", Brazilian Journal Of Petroleum and Gas, No. 1, Vol. 1, pp.16-25, (2007).
Wisam H. Hoidy, Mansor B. Ahmad, Emad A. Jaffar Al Mulla and NorAzowa Bt Ibrahim, "Synthesis and Characterization of Organoclay from Sodium Montmorillonite and Fatty Hydroxamic Acids", American Journal of Applied Sciences, No. 8, Vol. 6, pp. 1567-1572, (2009).
Valenzuela Diaz FR., "Preparation of Organophilic Clays from a Brazilian Smectitic Clay", Key Engineering Materials, No. 191, Vol. 189, pp. 203-7, (2001).
Caroline, B., Ana Lucia, P. D. A. and Sirlei, J. K., "Evaluation of Brazilian Organoclay Synthesized in the Laboratory and Commercial", Chemical Engineering Transactions, Vol. 24, pp. 1537-1542, (2011).
Bhattacharya, S.S. & Aadhar, M., "Studies on Preparation and analysis of Organoclay Nano Particles", Research Journal of Engineering Science, No. 3, Vol. 3, pp.10–16, (2014).
Bertagnolli, C., Silva, M.G.C.D., "Characterization of Brazilian bentonite organoclays as sorbents of petroleum-derived fuels", Materials research, No. 2, Vol. 15, pp. 253-259, (2012).
Bala, P., Samantary, B. K. and Sirvastava, S. K., "Synthesis and Characterization of Na-Montmorillonite - alkylammonium intercalation compounds", Materials Research Bulletin, Vol. 35, pp. 1717-1724, (2000).
Charles J, Pouchert, "the Aldrich Library of Infrared Spectra", Third Edition, New York, (1983).
Pereira, K.R.D.O.P., Hanna, R.A., Vianna, M.M.G.R., Pinto, C.A., Rodrigues, M.G.F. and Valenzuela-Diaz, F.R., "Brazilian organoclays as, nanostructured sorbents of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons", Materials Research, No. 1, Vol. 8, (2005).
Nahida, J. H., & Ali, Z. M., "Astudy of the effect of silica particles addition on some physical properties of PVC as a packaging material, Iraqi Journal of Physics, No.26, Vol. 13, pp. 76-91, (2015).
Hai Liu, Lijie Dong, Haian Xie and Chuanxi Xiong, "Novel-Modified Kaolin for Enhancing the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Poly (vinyl chloride), Polymer Engineering and Science, No. 10, Vol. 52, (2012).
N. Jon, I. Abdullah, and R. Othaman, Sains Malaysiana, No. 4, Vol. 24, pp. 469-474, (2013).
Shimpi, N.G. and S. Mishra, "Studies on effect of improved d-spacing of Montmorillonite on Properties of poly (vinyl chloride) Nanocomposites", Journal of Applied Polymer Science, No. 1, Vol. 119, pp. 148, (2011).
McNally T., Halley P., Murphy M. and Martin D., polymer, Vol. 46, pp. 8222, (2005).
Khalil, M.R., "Enhancement of Mechanical and Thermal Properties for Iraqi Bentonite Clay Polyring", M. Sc. Thesis, Babil University, (2013).
Faris A.H., "Study the Effect of Using Some Inorganic and Halogenated Additives for the Flame Retardant Additives and increase the Fire Resistance of Epoxy Resin", M.Sc. Thesis, Al-Rashed College, Technology University, (2003).
Beyer G., "Organoclays as flame retardants for PVC", Polymers for advanced technologies, Vol. 19, pp. 485–488, (2008).
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
